Karnal Smart City spans 87 square kilometre (sq km) and recorded a population of 357,334 in the 2011 census, with an estimated population of 1,505,324. The city’s demographic profile is youthful, with 76 per cent of residents below 45 years and a literacy rate of 86 per cent. A sex ratio of 996 females per 1,000 males and administration across 20 wards support balanced urban planning.

Agriculture remains central, with Karnal known for rice, wheat and milk production and home to the National Dairy Research Institute, the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, the Wheat Research Directorate and the Sugarcane Breeding Institute. The local economy pairs farming with manufacturing and services, with over 2,867 micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) fostering entrepreneurship. Business process outsourcing firms such as Aegis and Vodafone have established operations, expanding the service sector.

Smart mobility is central to the city programme, anchored by a Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) and digitally enabled smart bus stops that provide real-time tracking and passenger information. An Intelligent Traffic Management System (ITMS) deploys smart signals and cameras to optimise traffic flow and improve road safety, while cycling lanes and pedestrian walkways promote non-motorised movement. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure supports EV adoption and reduces transport emissions.

Digital governance leverages a mobile penetration rate of 65.5 per cent to deliver computerised services through interactive portals and applications, enabling citizens to report issues and access transport information. These platforms aim to increase transparency and participatory planning while complementing local institutions. The approach is designed to improve service delivery and civic engagement.

Urban planning emphasises sustainability through transit-oriented development, pedestrian-friendly zones and mixed-use hubs that reduce congestion and carbon intensity. Green mobility measures and heritage conservation are integrated into long-term strategies to protect cultural assets while supporting growth. Public realm improvements seek to create safer, more inclusive streetscapes.

Situated between Delhi and Chandigarh and adjacent to Kurukshetra, Jind, Kaithal and Panipat, Karnal is strategically located. The Smart City programme aims to model sustainable urban transformation in Haryana.