India’s coal industry is entering a technology-driven phase as mining companies seek higher efficiency, stronger safety systems and a lower environmental footprint. Coal gasification, digitalisation, predictive safety systems and workforce training are emerging as priorities as coal remains central to the country’s energy and industrial requirements. Discussions at the 18th India Coal Summit in New Delhi highlighted a transition within the sector rather than an immediate move away from coal. Delegates examined clean coal technologies, mine sustainability and methods of extracting greater value from coal while reducing operational risks and improving productivity. Coal gasification was identified as an important opportunity for producing higher-value products, including methanol, ammonia, chemicals and hydrogen. Abhinav Sengupta, senior programme lead for Technology Futures at the Council on Energy, Environment and Water, said wider adoption would depend on reliable feedstock, sustained technology availability, assured demand and stronger offtake commitments. Capital-intensive projects would also require technology transfer and suitable commercial arrangements. The technology transition is also extending into mining operations. Dr Sanjeev Prasad, director for Metal and Mining at CRISIL, said the industry was moving from manual methods towards smart mining through IoT sensors, artificial intelligence, machine learning, wearable devices, autonomous robots, digital twins and drones. These tools are intended to improve productivity and enable companies to identify safety risks before accidents occur. Prasad also pointed to gaps in digital skills, network infrastructure, data quality and organisational ownership that could slow adoption. He said contractors should not be separated from the safety responsibilities of large mining companies, and that long-term contracting models should incorporate new safety and productivity technologies. The transition will also affect workers and mining communities. Navneet Kumar, chief operating officer at SCMS, said environmental performance, community welfare, workforce skills and a just transition needed to be addressed alongside technology. The sector’s next phase is therefore expected to focus not only on production volumes, but also on cleaner conversion, safer workplaces and stronger local economies.