Mumbai's transportation dynamics have shifted significantly over the past 15 years, with a notable decline in public transit ridership and a sharp increase in private vehicle ownership. According to recent data, the average daily ridership on Mumbai's trains and buses has dropped by 15%, while the number of private vehicles on the roads has tripled during the same period. This trend reflects a growing reliance on personal transportation, which has exacerbated traffic congestion and pollution levels in the city. The decline in public transit usage is concerning for urban planners and environmentalists, as it points to potential inefficiencies in the public transportation system that may be pushing commuters towards private vehicles. Experts attribute this shift to several factors, including overcrowding, delays, and the lack of last-mile connectivity in the public transit network. The convenience and comfort of private vehicles, coupled with the rise of affordable car loans, have made personal transportation an increasingly attractive option for Mumbai's residents. The surge in private vehicles has led to severe traffic congestion, especially during peak hours, impacting the overall quality of life in the city. The increased vehicular traffic has also contributed to rising pollution levels, further straining the city's infrastructure and public health. In response to these challenges, authorities are exploring ways to improve public transportation services, including enhancing the efficiency and coverage of the bus and train networks, promoting the use of electric vehicles, and investing in infrastructure projects like metro expansions. These efforts aim to reverse the trend and encourage more residents to choose public transit over private vehicles. The shift in transportation preferences underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to urban mobility that prioritises sustainable and efficient transportation options for Mumbai's growing population.