The United States and China have challenged incentives offered under Prime Minister Modi's Make In India factory programmes, raising concerns about the impact on fair competition and global trade norms. The challenges were reported by officials and trade analysts who said the measures favour domestic producers and may distort markets. The development has added a new layer of diplomatic and commercial tension for New Delhi. New Delhi has defended the incentives as essential for industrialisation and job creation, emphasising the need to attract manufacturing investment to support economic growth. Government spokespeople pointed to the objective of building local supply chains and reducing reliance on imports. They also signalled willingness to engage with international partners to address concerns while preserving policy space for development. Trade lawyers said the disputes could move to formal adjudication if bilateral talks do not yield compromise, raising the possibility of rulings that may require adjustments to incentive schemes. Investors and manufacturers are reported to be watching closely for regulatory certainty, as sudden policy shifts would affect project timelines and cost structures. Some industry groups are understood to favour clearer guidelines and time bound measures to reduce uncertainty. Observers noted that the outcome could influence how other countries design industrial policies. Analysts said a negotiated solution would be preferable to protracted disputes, stressing the importance of dialogue between capitals and multilateral engagement. New Delhi faces the task of balancing domestic development goals with commitments to international trade rules. The debate over incentives intersects with broader discussions on supply chain resilience and strategic autonomy. Policymakers in India and abroad are expected to continue discussions as they seek pragmatic pathways that support industrialisation while addressing legitimate trade concerns.